The Growing Problem of Road Rage

Statistics tell us that most all of us have been involved in an aggressive driving experience either as the victim or the aggressor at some point in our lives. Aggressive driving and road rage is on the rise, and according to the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety (AAA), it is one, if not the top concern for many drivers today. AAA reported that at least 1,500 people a year are seriously injured or killed in senseless traffic disputes. The following includes excerpts from a report issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Characteristics of Aggressive Driving The term aggressive driving emerged during the 1990s as a label for a category of dangerous on-the-road behaviors. The category comprises: Following too closelyDriving at excessive speedsWeaving through trafficRunning stop lights and signs Aggressive driving occasionally escalates to gesturing in anger or yelling at another motorist, confrontation, physical assault and even murder. Road Rage is the label that emerged to describe the angry and violent behaviors at the extreme of the aggressive driving continuum. Graduating From Traffic Violation to Criminal Offense The NHTSA defines aggressive driving as, The operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property. An important distinction is that aggressive driving is a traffic violation, while road rage, aside from the yelling and gesticulating, is a criminal offense. Contributing Factors To Aggressive Driving Experts suggest many reasons for the increase in aggressive driving and road rage. Sociologists suggest it is due to the breakdown in our societys sense of community and a disintegration of shared values.Psychologists point to the intoxicating combination of power and anonymity provided by motor vehicles.Traffic engineers tend to believe the problem is due to inconsistent driving speeds among travelers. Traffic Congestion Traffic congestion is one of the most frequently mentioned contributing factors to aggressive driving. Drivers with low tolerances for traffic delays might respond by following too closely, changing lanes frequently, or becoming angry at anyone who impedes their progress. Running Late Some people drive aggressively because they have too much to do and are running late for work, school, their next meeting, lesson, soccer game, or some  other appointment. Many otherwise law-abiding citizens often justify speeding when running late, almost as they would a medical emergency. Speeding because one is running late to pick up a waiting child or getting an elderly parent to a doctors appointment is often deemed as okay in the minds of even some of the safest drivers. Anonymity A driver can develop a sense of anonymity and detachment when insulated within the privacy of a vehicle. Tinted windows further detach drivers, adding to the misconception of being an observer of the surroundings, rather than a participant. The anonymity for some may provoke antisocial behavior unseen in other normal interaction they experience with others. Combine this with having the power of a motor vehicle and the knowledge that it is unlikely they will ever be seen again by those they offend and the result can be extreme rudeness and even turn an otherwise nice person into a dangerous, raging individual. Disregard for Others and for the Law Much has been written about the erosion of shared values and respect for authority, variously attributed to the fragmentation of the extended family, increased individual mobility, media influence, and other characteristics of modern society. It does appear that civility and respect for authority have decreased, the trend epitomized by the phrase, Im just looking out for number one. Habitual or Clinical Behavior Most motorists rarely drive aggressively, and some never at all. For others, episodes of aggressive driving are frequent, and for a small proportion of motorists, it is their usual driving behavior. Occasional episodes of aggressive driving might occur in response to specific situations, such as speeding and changing lanes abruptly when late for an important appointment, when it is not the drivers normal behavior. Among the chronic aggressive drivers there are those who learned the driving style and consider it appropriate and others who may have learned to drive properly, but for whom the behavior is an expression of illness. Clearly, it is a matter of degree and not all anger is uncontrolled, or even inappropriate, that is, it is not the anger, but what a person does about it that matters (e.g., anger that motivates a person to call the police when encountered on the road by an obviously impaired or dangerously aggressive driver). However, chronic anger, habitual or persistent aggressive driving, and especially a pattern of confrontation on the road, must be considered manifestations of pathology, in addition to violations of the law. Sources:National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationRoad Rage: Causes and Dangers of Aggressive DrivingAAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

The Effects Of Physical Health On Education - 2004 Words

During school kids can have many factors affecting their education. One of the main factors is their physical health. Physical health affects everything because if your body doesn’t want to correspond then you can’t do well. One can get too stressed and they can stop eating and if people don’t eat they don’t perform well in school. One can get ill leading them to stop going to school for a while and their education starts to get affected. Girls can also have sexual interaction leading to pregnancy and they can stop their education and continue it later or stop for good. Also if teenagers get injured they can be in the hospital for a time leading them to fail. Physical health affects education because whatever the body experiences affects the student’s performance, it can be from getting abused to physical activity. Stressed out? Stress is very common in children/teenagers and it can result on them not corresponding with school and their grades going down since school is the main factor of the stress. Stress can affect the health then later affecting education. â€Å"When a child experiences stress, the hypothalamus releases a hormone that rushes to the neighboring pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then mobilizes the production of a second hormone that swims via the bloodstream to adrenal and cortisol. Adrenaline accelerates the child’s heart rate and elevates the blood pressure. Cortisol pumps up the blood sugar level, elevating the child’s muscle and memory power andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Physical Education On A School Environment And The Rising Health Concerns Of Our Society2420 Words   |  10 PagesThere are coexisting links between physical education in a school environment and the rising health concerns of our society. 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Critically examine the contributions of Adam Smith and John Keynes free essay sample

Essay topic: ‘critically examine the contributions of adam smith and john keynes to the study of the political economy and describe their contribution to current management practice. ’ introduction the names adam smith and john maynard keynes are considered to be two of the biggest influences of economics to date. Their contributions to the workings of society are unable to be quantified and although they have lived their lives, their work has seen the western world shape into what it is today. In this essay i pick out key parts of their work and critically discuss their influences on the inner workings of the world and society. Ealth of nations smith’s magnum opus an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, gained immediate success and the first edition sold out after only six months. Shortly after, the wealth of nations was translated into italian, french, german and many other languages. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically examine the contributions of Adam Smith and John Keynes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The book contains two major features; firstly, it provides a detailed examination of the mechanisms of the economy. Secondly, it details policy recommendations in favour of laissez- ­? Faire trade, that is, trade that is free ofgovernment restrictions. Shortly after the release of the wealth of nations, what are described today as western economies stopped economic stagnation dead in its tracks and the rate of growth of these nations increased at a dramatic rate. (see appendix 1. 1) this movement was then dubbed ‘the beginning of the industrial revolution. ’ (skousen, 2007) through smith’s study of the political economy he created the field of study that is known today as economics. He claimed that the purpose of economics was to â€Å"first, enable the people to supply a plentiful revenue for themselves and, second, to endow the state with sufficient revenue To provide public services. † (pettinger et al. 2012) it was to fulfill these purposes that he wrote a wealth of nations. The first fundamental theorem of welfare economics in his world wide accredited book, a wealth of nations, smith was in support of putting a stop to mercantilism in favour laissez- ­? Faire trade. Skousen argues, â€Å"mercantilism was antigrowth and shortsighted† (skousen 2007, p. 10) and only â€Å"[benefited] the producers and monopolists. † smith proposed that the key to economic prosperity is via ‘natural liberty. ’ this natural liberty involved the free movement of labour, capital, money and goods. He believed in the Natural workings of the market and that they should be left alone by government. Smith (1776 [1993], p. 423) wrote ‘by pursuing his own self interest, every individual is lead by an invisible hand to promote the public interest. † this invisible hand theory went on to be known as the first fundamental theorem of welfare economics. Smith explains his invisible hand theory via highlighting the relevance of mutual dependence via a simplistic statement; â€Å"it is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their self- ­? Interest. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 22) smith Aimed to provide growth and that is part of the purpose of the first fundamental theorem of welfare, to increase prosperity through growth. Smiths ‘invisible hand’ framework could only be achieved through a capitalist state and a competitive market base. Raphael (1985, p. 46) wrote, â€Å"this process is most successful when left to the play of natural forces, [smiths] analysis leads him to urge governments to let well alone. † given a non- ­? Barrier entry to a genuinely competitive market, high profits will encourage new entrants, driving profits down. Analogously, low profits or losses will discourage entrants and perhaps cause current Participants to leave the market, driving profit back up. The result is that through natural market forces, an equilibrium quantity and price for a commodity is naturally set by the market. Note that this new price and quantity is optimally efficient. As brilliant as smith was the perfectly competitive market structure did contain it’s flaws and could never truly occur in the workings of society. He was not naive in this fact and wrote that â€Å"people of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public in some contrivance to rise prices. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 232) even in this day and age capitalist governments will sometimes force a barrier to enter to some form of the market, a current example is the delivery of mail in the us, which is restricted and can only be carried out by the usps (united states postal service). Although a perfectly competitive market is impossible to truly achieve, there exists non- ­? Perfect competitive markets for which smith’s first fundamental theory of welfare economics still applies. The division of labour smith believed that economic growth was dependent on the division of labour. As the scale of the division of labour was restricted to the size Of the market base, it would follow transitive logic that continual economic growth required an ever growing market base. This division of labour had dire consequences to workers who had to complete mind numbing and repetitive tasks in their daily work. Smith claimed that the labourer â€Å"has no occasion to exert his understanding†¦ and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 782) this effect of the division of labour became known as ‘alienation. ’ emile durkheim argued, â€Å"the increasing division of labour has enormous implications for the structure of society.† (pettinger 2012, p. 100) the division of labour that smith refers to is considered an ‘abnormal’ form of the division of labour to durkheim. In the division of labour in society, durkheim argues, â€Å"there [is] no necessary correlation between increased division of labour and decreasing solidarityà ¢â‚¬  (pettinger 2012, p. 101) if anything, the structures of the division of labour could be reworked to increase solidarity and use interdependence as a positive influence in the workforce. The key to providing solidarity is through the range of skills and capabilities in the working group of civilization. This is supported by durkheim, â€Å"the Sole cause then determining how labour is divided up is the diversity of abilities. † (durkheim, 1893 [1997] p. 313) a range of abilities is thus key to fight the effects of alienation. It is of belief that smith was aware of this well before durkheim wrote the division of labour in society. While smith was a true believer in the free and open market, he was no pure libertarian. He acknowledged the government’s role in society for purposes such as law, national defence and public works and education. In a wealth of nations he distinguished education in terms of its purpose specifically to stamp out alienation when he wrote in favor Of â€Å"universal public education to counter the alienating and mentally degrading effects of specialization (division of labour) under capitalism. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 734 – 735) through further education, the ‘diversity of abilities’ discussed earlier can be enhanced, which results in turn, to a decrease in alienation. Spending vs. Saving and government persuasion. Smith explores the contrast of spending and saving in a wealth of nations. He is fearful of excessive spending and argues that it â€Å"can lead to insufficient capital for growth or the existing numbers of productive labour. † (raphael 1985) it is important to note here That the spending that smith refers to is non- ­? Inclusive of spending in investment, it refers to consumption only. Smith delves into why we spend and argues, â€Å"the principle, which prompts to expense, is the passion for present enjoyment. † (smith 1776 [1993], p. 341) smith also explores the idea that people save in order to increase their standing of living and implies that saving, to a certain extent, is a natural part of human nature; â€Å"the principle which prompts us to save, is the desire of bettering our condition, a desire which†¦ comes with us from the womb, and never leaves us until we go into the grave† (smith 1776 [1993]  P. 341). Whilst smith implies it is a natural instinct to save, the government’s reserve bank actually plays a role in creating incentives to spend or save. They are able to do this through monetary policy. The effect on providing an incentive to spend or save may or may not be a direct consequence of the implementa tion of monetary and fiscal policy. For example, an economies reserve bank can use monetary policy in order to increase or restrict the supply of money, thus affecting the cash rate and in turn affecting ones incentive to spend or save. Rationally speaking, if the cash rate and in turn the interest rate available for Savings is high, one is more inclined to save their money. This goes analogously for a low cash rate, which provides incentives to spend, as the opportunity cost of spending money is less. Low interest rates also provide incentive to borrow and invest in capital. While the intention was not to completely discredit smith, as this use of monetary policy came about well after his time, it appears that the desire which ‘comes with us from the womb’ to save can in fact be intentionally or unintentionally influenced by the government. The biggest threat to capitalism – karl marx in the century following that of the life of adam smith, Came the biggest threat to his workings, karl marx. Skousen highlights the comparison between marx and smith, â€Å"smith argued that the individuals pursuit of self interest would lead to an outcome beneficial to all, where as marx argued that the pursuit of self interest would lead to anarchy, crisis and the dissolution of the private property based system itself. † (skousen 2007, p. 66) marx was a firm believer in the communist state. He believed that the capitalist system only benefited the rich and took advantage of the poor. When comparing economies of varying economic freedom, it can be found that the higher degree of freedom in The economy, the higher the countries per capita gdp (see appendix 1. 2). Note that per capita gdp is a common measure of the standard of living. Furthermore when comparing the percentage of the whole us population with basic utilities such as water, electricity as well as basic needs such as refrigeration and a household toilet, with the us population that were considered to be ‘poor’ with the same utilities and basic needs, the numbers are undeniably in favor of capitalism (see appendix 1. 3). For example the whole of the us population with flush toilets went from 15% in 1900 to 99% of the population who were considered poor. In Conclusion, â€Å"free economies are richer. † (skousen year, p. 31) this goes onto support capitalism and smith’s first fundamental theorem of welfare economics. Smith argued â€Å"both rich and poor benefit from a liberal economic system† (skousen year, p. 34) and that â€Å"universal opulence†¦ extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people. (smith 1776, p. 11) it is clear that the poor also benefit from a capitalist state and whilst marx is still considered a genius by many, some of his views were, in fact quite extreme. Capitalism takes another hit – john maynard keynes to the rescue adam smiths lassez- ­? Faire market framework falls under Siege again, this time not by man, but by the great depression of the 1930’s. â€Å"in the middle of the great depression, the best and the brightest intellectuals embraced marxism, but not keynes. † (skousen 2007, p. 157) while keynes was attempting to write his own theory into the frameworks of the economy, the general theory of employment, interest and money, he unintentionally saves the faith in the open market at the time. John maynard keynes did not have faith in the ability of the free and open market to correct itself and knew that it was inherently unstable, but nor was he a believer in the communist state backed by marx. (skousen  2007) keynes solution to the mass unemployment of the 1930’s (in some nations more than 25%) was simple, yet not thought of by any other great mind at the time who were all turning to marx. Keynes argued that, â€Å"mass unemployment had a single cause, inadequate demand, and an easy solution, expansionary fiscal policy. â €  (krugman 2006) this expansionary fiscal policy involved mass amounts of government spending; keynes argued that the nature of the spending was unimportant, as long as consumption was occurring. The proposal was that this major increase in spending would increase aggregate demand and put faith back into the consumer and Producer. Keynes proposal worked, unemployment was on the decline and gdp per capita was on the increase again (growth). However, the cost of returning to the road of prosperity is quite high. Let me turn the attention to the more recent significant disaster of the political economy, the global financial crisis. Without going into to detail of the causes of this catastrophe, the basic result was the same, gdp was decreasing with unemployment on the rise. Political figures of the time turned back to the analysis of keynes and implemented what he had proposed back in the 1930’s. That was to increase public spending. Different nations Implemented public spending in different ways, for example australia’s government endorsed the use of a stimulus package, which was simply just giving out lump sum payments in order to increase consumption. It could be argued that this is one of the more effective schemes in putting the economy back on it’s feet while in turmoil. Why? Because australia was one of the few western countries to avoid a recession as a result of the gfc. Note that the big powerhouse that is the us could not even achieve this. In order for an economy to return to economic growth in desperate times like the great depression of the 1930’s and the gfc in the Early 21st century, government spending must be increased. However, this comes at a grave cost. In order for governments to achieve this high level of spending it must run large budget deficits, that, depending on the severity of the economic state at the time, may take decades to return to a budget surplus. This means that governments will have to cut back spending, increase revenue (through taxes) or a combination of the two until it can finally return to producing a budget surplus. Coming back to keynes in comparison with smith and marx, keynes did not believe in capitalism in its greatest form, he argued that it was unstable. This Is evident from the economic history of the 20th and 21st century. Nor did he believe in the harshness of the communist state. He saw the need for government intervention and he was caught somewhere in between the two. While not intending to re- ­? Work the classical model that was a wealth of nations, keynes to a certain extent did just that. Most western societies today that see larger gdp per capita and strong rates of growth are capitalist nations, that have a government influence on trade and are able to control levels of inflation, the interest rate and level of unemployment to some degree. Conclusion in conclusion, the works Of adam smith and john maynard keynes have played a dramatic role into the development of the western world since the late 1700’s. Adam smiths first fundamental theorem of welfare economics was able to single handedly pull the western world out of decades of economic stagnation and return society to growth. John keynes was able to save the capitalist economy, on more than one occasion and even after his death. His contributions to the study of the political economy are considered fundamental to the way the political economy conducts it’s monetary and fiscal policy today. It is interesting to think had we not had smith’s a wealth of Nations and we were only left with marx as a leading political thinker how different the world may have turned out. References durkheim, e. (1893/1997) the division of labour in society, new york: free press. Hall, p. (1989) the political power of economic ideas: keynesian across nations (princeton, nj: princeton university press) krugman, p. (2006) introduction into the general theory of employment, interest and money, viewed 20/05/2013 pk archive. Marx, k. engels, f. (1848/1967) the communist manifesto, london: penguin. Pettinger, r, hague, r, harrop, m, bratton, j, sawchuck, p, forshow, c, callinan, m, corbett, m, mellahi, k, Morrell, k, wood, g, noon, m, blyton, p, boxall, p, purcell, j, burns, p, linstead, s, fulop, l, lilley, s morrison, j. (2012) introduction to management, palgrave macmillan: china. Raphael, d. (1985) adam smith, (oxford and new york: oxford university press) skidelsky, r. (2009) keynes: the return of the master (london and new york: penguin) skousen, m. (2007) the big three in economics: adam smith, karl marx and john maynard keynes, new york: m. E. Sharpe. Smith, a. (1776) [1993 edn] an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, ed. K. Sutherland (oxford and new york: oxford university press) appendix figure 1. 3

Descriptive Essay Introduction Example For Students

Descriptive Essay Introduction Descriptive Essay of My WatchMy article of clothing is with me at all times. It consists of a 3cmcircular base and two separate straps, each 6cm long connected by a metalclasp. These two straps and a clasp are then connected to the top andbottom of the base. The straps are outlined in hard rigid silver, lookingas my uncles smoothly brushed gray hair. Through the center of the 2cmwide straps is a 1cm in width gold strip. The gold looks as bright as agold chalice from my local church. The clasp is a hard silvery gray suchas that which borders the straps. The letters SEIKO are clearly placedon the clasp in raised lettering. The clasp looks 3cm long when in theclosed position, but when opened it extends to 11cm as two more 4cm metalpieces open outward. The face of the object is encircled with a gold color, gold as the trimon my fathers Cadillac. Inside the gold trim, the background is a blackcolor. The black is like the black rubber on my cars Cooper tires. Towards the top of this face, there is a number 12, the bottom has a number6, and the leftmost number has a number 9. Each of these numbers areraised in lettering in a gold color. On the rightmost side, there is a1/2cm x 1/5cm sized box. This box is then further separated in two parts. 2/3s of the box is devoted towards showing the current days first 3letters, now showing a THU for Thursday. The remaining space of the box isset aside for the date of the month. In this box the number 14 is shown. Both, the day and the date, are in white colors. This white is like awhite hospital gown, starched and cleaned. The face of the object has 56small lines all facing from the outside of the circle towards the middle. These gold lines are equally separated all aro the face of the object. There are 4 places where there is no line, instead a white dot exists. There are 8 more gold lines, very similar except 3 times longer (1/2cm)equally spaced around the face as well, with the exception of the numbersand the small box which are counted as well into the spacing. From thecenter of the watch are 3 thin strands of golden color rods, just like astrand of goldenrod colored growing wheat.

Analysis of Phosphate Essay Example

Analysis of Phosphate Essay analysis Date: 29 September 2012 Analysis of Phosphate Introduction The aim of the experiment is to determine the concentration of phosphate ions in unknown samples. A series of dilution of known concentration is performed from the phosphate working solution. Each of the prepared working standards, the unknown samples and the blank are then made to react with a mixed reagent which have been prepared after acid wash of the glasswares Glassware * 2 Beakers * 11 conical flasks * 9 Volumetric flasks 50 ml * 1 Volumetric flasks 1000 ml * Pipette type 1 Pipette 25 ml * Stir rod * 11cuvette * Spectrophotometer Chemical needs; hazards and safety precautions: 1. Sulphuric acid It is very hazardous in case of skin contact. It is classified as corrosive, irritant and permeator. Safety needs: Lab coats,safety goggles and gloves should be worn to minimize risk of contact. In case of: †¢Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plent y of water for at least 15minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately. †¢Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately. †¢Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention. †¢Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately. 2. ammonium heptimolybdate Ammonium heptimolybdate e is harmful if swallowed or inhaled. It causes irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. It affects kidneys and blood Safety measures: Lab coats,safety goggles and gloves should be worn to minimize risk of contact. 3. Potassium antimonyl tartrate Slightly hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-corrosive for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. 4. Ascorbic acid Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Phosphate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Phosphate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Phosphate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Safety measures: Lab coats, safety goggles and gloves should be worn to minimize risk of contact. 5. Hydrochloric acid Concentrated hydrochloric acid forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, with the potential to damage respiratory organs, eyes, skin, and intestines. The HCL should be used in a fume hood and personal protective equipment such as rubber or PVC gloves, protective eye goggles, and chemical-resistant clothing such as lab coats should be used to minimize risk when handling hydrochloric acid. Procedures and calculations. * All of the glassware’s to be used are to be washed with acid (HCL) and then with distilled water. * Nine standards, a blank and 2 random sample are going to be analysed. * Prepare a series of working standards in the range of 10-500 µg NO2-N/L * To 50 cm3 of each working standard and sample add 1. 0 cm3 of sulphanilamide, mix and stand for 2 minutes Calculations 1ml = 0. 5  µg of NO2- 1000 ml of solution contain = 10 ml of NO2- (100  µg) 50 ml of solution contain = 1 ml of NO2- (10  µg) SN| Volume of standardPHOSPHATE solution (s)| Volume ofwater| Concentration| Absorbance| 1. | 1. 0| 49| 10| 0. 003| 2. | 2. 0| 45| 50| 0. 035| 3. | 3. 0| 40| 100| 0. 058| 4. | 4. 0| 35| 150| 0. 074| 5. | 5. 0| 30| 200| 0. 099| Blank| 0| 50| 0| 0. 000| Sample A1| | 0. 022| Sample B1| | 0. 068| Result A Graph of absorbance (OD) against concentration ( µg). Using the equation (y=mx+b) to determine concentration of samples. Let Y equal the concentration. This is what will be solved for. Let X equal the absorbency of the sample. This is the absorbency measured by the spectrophotometer Allow â€Å"to equal the slope and b to equal the y-intercept y= 0. 019 x + 0. 947 Concentration of Sample 1 Absorbance of sample A1 = 0. 022 y= 0. 019 (0. 022) + 0. 947 = 0. 947 Concentration of unknown sample 2 Absorbance of sample B2 = 0. 068 y= 0. 019 (0. 068) + 0. 947 = 0. 948 Discussion The concentration phosphate ion in of samples D and E were determined In this experiment I determined the concentration of phosphate ion in samples D and E. These values were determined by obtaining data from solutions of known concentration. These solutions were placed in the spectrophotometer and then by plotting a graph of absorbance vs. concentration, an equation was produced from which the unknown concentration were determined Conclusion From the result of the experiment, it was determined that the relationship between concentration and absorbance is linear. The amount of light absorbed by a solution varies directly with solute concentration.

International Business The WritePass Journal

International Business Abstract International Business ) Also, as the industrial progress and the continuous economic growth of China continues, the standards of living of the huge Chinese population also continues to increase which only translates to increased purchasing power and increased demands for amenities. In particular, the entertainment spending of middle class Chinese people would create an explosive growth opportunity for the amusement industry. Social Factors Social factors should also be assessed before any investment venture. China has a huge population in the middle aged segment. Currently the population segment in the range of 15 and 64 represents the majority in China. (Banister et.al, 2010) A significant number of Chinese people are still in their twenties and middle age which is the target population for the theme parks. Also, traditionally Chinese are a nuclear family and hence theme parks are usually visited as a family. Also the huge population of China implies that the aging population does not create an economic stagnation as retiring workforce is rapidly replaced by skilled workers. (Banister et.al, 2010) Technological Factors China is a technologically advanced economy and hence there is immense scope for innovation in the amusement market. Even in the local amusement market there is a constant surge of innovative amusement themes and new facilities to entertain the public. There would be no dearth of talent and lack of scope for the application of technology into the development of the theme parks. Only last year an international ‘Theme parks expansion Summit’ was organized in the country and several new technologically innovative solutions were disclosed. For instance, Nanotron technologies, one of the main sponsors of the conference introduced the ‘Child Loss Protection System‘(CLOPS) and spoke about its introduction into the Chinese Theme parks, while another company, Dynamic Motion Rides, introduced the 4D simulation effects into the Theme parks. (Blooloop, 2011)   So the Chinese theme park industry is a technologically thriving and competitive industry. SWOT analysis Strengths Financial Might Disney has a powerful financial base and there fore could invest significantly for innovative attractions and features in the proposed Theme park. Disney already has a dedicated channel in China which it could utilize for marketing purposes. Already the company has proposed to invest as much as $3.8 billion for setting up its Shanghai theme park. (Rapoza, 2012). Disney’s huge experience (almost 80 years) in the entertainment industry is one of it’s main plus points. (De Groote, 2008) Brand Recognition Disney is a well established brand across the world. Even in China Disney’s Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck characters are well known among the public. Disney could capitalize on its brand value to attract public to its theme park. For a new entrant into the Chinese market, Disney’s brand recognition would definitely ease the difficulties which any new and unrecognized brand would face.   One other advantage for Disney is the qualified and educated workforce that it employs. Disney also has a variety of attractions and thematic features that would help bring more people into the theme parks. (De Groote, 2008) Opportunities Globalization and the easing of barriers of entry in many countries provide Disney the ideal opportunity for expansion and with its financial muscle Disney can easily carve a niche market for its amusement parks in the global arena. Since China has already given the green signal and allowed Disney to enter the market it is the ideal time for the company to establish itself and gain a significant share of the growing Chinese amusement industry. Its diversified products and established brand power give it a clear advantage compared to any other international entrant into China. Weaknesses Disney is known to suffer from management problems. Its international diversification has furthered its management woes. Managing over 1, 37,000 employees across the world is not an easy job and it leads to communication problems and administrative bottlenecks. (De Groote, 2008) With the proposed expansion in China there will be a significant addition to the workforce which would complicate the management still further. Corporate officers are frequently shuffled across which also contributes to management difficulties.   Chinese customers though they are huge in numbers and willing to pay could not be expected to spend as much as American customers would.   The increasing fixed costs which directly relates with expansion and the increasing operating costs due to its large workforce imply that Disney has to spend considerably with any new venture. Furthermore, in the case of Disneyland in Paris the French government contributed over a billion dollars to help out Disney during the initial struggling phase. The same could not be expected from the Chinese government if Disney ventures alone. (De Groote, 2008)   Its main threats are from a growing number of Chinese theme parks that are more culturally oriented and cater to the tastes of the local population. Disney has to modify its themes to make them appealing to the cultural tastes of the Chinese people. The Chinese currency value fluctuation is one other major issue to be considered. Strategic Entry Entry into the Chinese market involves huge amounts of investment. As already indicated, Disney plans to invest as much as $3.8 billion into the Chinese venture. Though Disney has the financial might to bear the expenses by itself it would be a prudent risk management strategy to involve a large number of outside participants to cover the initial investment costs. In fact, Disney employed such a strategy when it entered the European market. The Saudi Prince Alwaleed owned 10% of the company stocks while the 50.2% were owned by others while Disney itself owned 39.8% of the stocks. (De Groote, 2008) In the case of Disney in Japan it was a Licensing agreement between Walt Disney and Oriental Land Corporation of Japan with Disney getting 7% of the sale proceeds in exchange for transfer of technical and managerial knowledge. (Misawa, 2005) Unlike the retain industry or the energy industry , the Chinese government is not opening up for a 100% FDI in the entertainment industry and has so fa r only agreed to a joint venture. This is however, a welcome opportunity for Disney as not only the cost is shared but also a joint venture with the State owned ‘Shanghai Shendi Group’   would definitely guarantee the government support and remove any possible administrative hurdles that would otherwise hamper any new business investment in a foreign land. (Bloomberg, 2010) With risk sharing also divided between the two, Disney can look forward to capitalizing on the great market prospects that China promises. Disney’s entry into the blooming Chinese amusement park industry with the government backing (as a joint venture) would be an ideal entry strategy for the Company.    Conclusion Walt Disney is a well diversified amusement company with global presence.   China is a blooming market and the global economic engine. With the theme park business in both the US and Europe already saturated, and a dwindling number of visitors affecting the profits, it is an opportunistic moment for Disney to enter China, the economic powerhouse of the world. As indicated by both the PEST analysis as well as the SWOT study, Disney is well poised for a successful venture into china. Since 100% FDI is not permitted in the Chinese entertainment industry, the proposed joint venture with the Chinese State owned firm, is a good entry strategy for Disney in China. Such an approach shares the investment costs, promotes equal interests in the operation and removes any possible administrative hindrances as well as contributes to equal risk sharing. The prevailing climate of political stability, economic viability and significant growth prospects that China offers and the comparative economic stagnation in US and Europe, offer strong economic reasons for Disney to venture into China which holds great possibilities for future business growth. References Bloomberg (2010), Walt Disney signs joint venture to build first mainland China Theme Park, viewed march 28th 2012, bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-05/disney-signs-joint-venture-contract-with-shanghai-for-first-park-in-china.html com, (2011), China Theme Park Expansion Summit : A Shanghai Success, viewed Ma 28th 2012, blooloop.com/Article/China-Theme-Park-Expansion-Summit-a-Shanghai-Success/287 Lam Hing Kok, (2009), Walt Disney employees training participation and its effect of employees’ intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction and affective commitment. Viewed March 26th 27th 2012, http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/trsimage/hp/06018661.pdf Frank Holmes, (2011) Four Examples of China’s amazing growth, viewed March 27th 2012, http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-04-14/markets/30026243_1_chinese-government-china-last-year-gdp-growth Judith Banister, David E. Bloom, and Larry Rosenberg, (2010), Population Aging and Economic Growth in China, PGDA Working paper no 53. Kennet Rapoza, (2012), Shanghai Disneyland driving foreign investment into the city, viewed March 28th 2012, forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2012/03/21/shanghai-disneyland-driving-foreign-investment-into-city/ Mitsura Misawa, 2005, Tokyo Disneyland, Licensing vs. Join Venture, University of Hong Kong, Harvard Business Online Patrick De Groote, (2008), Globalization of Commercial Theme Parks Case: The Walt Disney Company, Agroinform Publishing House, Budapest. Viewed March 28th 2012, http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/104660/2/2_Parick%20Globalisation_Apstract.pdf Steven Hill, (2011), China’s tentative steps towards democracy, viewed March 27th 2012, guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jan/19/china-barack-obama cn (2009). Disney: five theme parks in a different operating condition. Viewed November 4, 2009, smgbb.cn/zixun/shishi/2009-11-04/342208.html Nick Edwards, (2012), China FDI fall puts potential policy response in focus, viewed March 27th 2012 , reuters.com/article/2012/03/15/uk-china-economy-fdi-idUKBRE82E05S20120315 Invest in China, (2012), Statistics about utilization of Foreign investment in China from Jan to Dec 2012, viewed Mar 28th 2012, fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI_EN/Statistics/FDIStatistics/StatisticsofForeignInvestment/t20120119_140572.htm Xiaojun Cui, (Nov 2009), In depth analysis of PC industry in China, International Journal of Business and Management, Vol 4, no 11,

How effectively does the model of large-scale, integrated managerial Essay

How effectively does the model of large-scale, integrated managerial enterprise provide a corporate blueprint to explain the performance of leading national economies - Essay Example Chandler stresses the importance of the managerial functions that had been necessitated by the development of and electric power, and the accompanying enormous capital mobilization which sought to exploit the opportunities that these new technologies presented. Industries thus shifted focus and became more capital intensive, which put overwhelming pressure on the managers to increase their performance so that the large investments could be safeguarded. Chandlers’ work identified three capitalist systems that emerged in the midst of this second industrial revolution, namely personal capitalism which he connected to the United Kingdom (Great Britain), competitive capitalism, associated with the United States, and co-operative capitalism, which is depicted in the economy of Germany. Though each system is quite distinct from the other two, there are several elements that run right through all of them, especially in terms of their function such as enabling the effective focus of ca pital and labour in profitable ventures, increasing a country’s technical in terms of important technological knowledge and also ensuring the growth of managerial skills. The question concerns the application of this theory to the real world, and whether the ideas presented therein hold true for the real world. The theories put forward by Chandler enjoy massive empirical support and I therefore agree with them for the reasons that will be mentioned in the forthcoming sections. The approach will consist of analyzing each of the different capitalism structures in the context of their associated economies, and also in other similar economies where their effects can be traced, and relevance of the theories to the wide range of economies that will be covered. Associated with the Great Britain, personal capitalism is characterized by major large scale businesses being run by